- triumph of the First Crusade => the term crusade is applied to other expeditions promoted by papacy

i.e. 1147: Eugenius III proclaimed the war of the Saxons against pagan Slavs a crusade
      1148: Eugenius III proclaimed Spain a crusading territory

- returning crusaders had a very high profile => the title IEROSOLIMITANUS brought enormous prestige
i.e.: 1106: Bohemond of Taranto toured France in a triumph culminating in his marriage to the daughter of the king of France;
    > many French nobles asked him to be godfather to their children
    > lectured about his adventures and experiences as a prisoner to the Muslims (lectures incorporated in the Miracukla of St. Leonard)

- pilgrims flowed to the Holy Land => need to secure safe access to Jerusalem
    1120: the foundation of the military order of Templar Knights (1)
    1135: the Hospital of St. John assumed military responsibilities (Hospitalles) (2)

1 + 2 appeared in all crusading territories (both 1+2 - participated in the Reconquista)

* military orders: - master at headquarters (aided by officials: grand commander, draper)
                            - organized in convents grouped in provinces
    => savage massacres against Muslims and Jews => strong reaction from Muslim rulers => jihad against crusaders

1144: a Muslim army seized Edessa => pope Eugenius III circulated a papal letter calling for a new crusade
    > Bernard of Clairvaux preached the crusade in France and Germany => Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany took the vows
    > first attempts to ship crusading armies across the sea, but Louis VII followed Conrad III on the land route

1147: German army defeated at Dorylaeum
1148: unsuccessful siege of Damascus by crusaders and settlers => crusaders accused of treachery returned home
1149: Inab => the prince of Antioch defeated and killed in battle
1160: surrounded by hostile Muslim forces, settlers desperately called for help from Europe, but conflicts between England and France frustrated all efforts
1171: the king of Jerusalem, Amalric, traveled to Constantinople demanding help

- rapid changes within the Muslim world

1169: a Muslim army from Syria put an end to the Fatamid dynasty in Egypt
1171: Kurdish soldier, Saladin, established a new dynasty in Egypt, the Ayyubids => the Ayyubid Egypt advanced into Syria pursuing the jihad against Westerners
    > Saladin relied on the elite, professional troops of Turks and Kurds armed with coposite recurved bows
1187: Saladin invaded the kingdom of Jerusalem with an army of 30,000
    July 4, 1187: Hattin => Saladin crushed the army of the crusaders => Sakadub reconquered Jerusalem and Tripoli

The Third Crusade:

- the military success of the Ayyubid ruler => the goal of the crusade was to hit Egypt => armies were to be shipped across the sea rather than over the land routes => the role of the fleet

1188: Henry II of England and Phiplip II of France imposed a new tax (Saladin tithe) to help defray the costs of the expedition
1188 -1189: Richard I of England and Philip II of France took the cross, followed by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa
    > February 1190: Frederick reached Constantinople by land, but died on his way across Anatolia
    > Summer 1190: Philip and Richard embarked from southern Italy
    > May 1191: Richard seized Cyprus from the Byzantine governor => new crusader state
    > July 1191: Anglo-French troops conquered Acre => Philip returned home
    > September 1191: Richard conquered Jaffa, but could not take Jerusalem again
    > 1192: Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce permitting pilgrims to travel freely to Jerusalem => Richard returned home, Saladin died in 1193

==>> the Third Crusade failed to accomplish its goal => the crusading drive is diverted to other aims

1199: pope Innocent III declared a crusade against the supporters of Henry VI in southern Italy
1208: Innocent declared a crusade against the Cathars
1216-7: king John of England, with papal backing, declared a crusade against the rebels who had imposed on him the Magna Carta

The Fourth Crusade:

August 1198: Innocent III imposed a tax of 1/40 on clerical incomes to help defray crusade expenses

November 1199: Ecry, Champagne => at a tournament, the count of Champagne, and the count of Blois took the cross, followed by the count of Flanders

April 1201: Venice agreed to provide shipping for:
    - 4,500 knights
    - 9,000 squres
    - 20,000 soldiers
    - 4,500 horses  => in exchange for 85,000 marks; Venice asked for 50% of any spoils of war

1202: when assembled in Venice, the crusading army was three times smaller than expected; though the Venetians fulfilled the contract to the letter (a 500 ship armada)
    > Enrico Dandole, the Venitian doge, suggested the crusaders pay their dabt by conquering Zara on the Dalmatian coast (lost to the Hungarians in 1180/1)
November 1202: crusaders captured and sacked Zara => Inocent III excommunicated, then gave his forgivness to crusaders, but not to Venice
    - the crusaders were engaged by Alexius Angelos to help him recuperate his imperial rights from the man who usurped his father's power
    > Alexius promised to pay 200,000 marks of silver and to provide 10,000 soldiers for the expedition to the Holy Land

1203, June: crusaders helped restore Isac II and Alexius IV as joint rulers of Byzantium => Alexius - assassinated by anti-Western faction => no payment for the crusaders
    - using Venetian ships, the crusaders attacked the city by sea => April 13, 1204: the crusaders entered the city by the Goldon Horn => Constantinople sacked and conquered by the crusading army => the rise of the Latin Empire of Constantinople

==>> the Fourth Crusade marked the end of the crusading ideal => widespread criticism in the West was accompanied by diverted crusading movements

1212: teenagers from Cologne and other cities in Rhineland set out the Children's Crusade

1218: carefully planned, the Fifth Crusade was directed against Egypt (a key to conquering Jerusalem)
    > 1219: Crusaders took Damietta in the Nile Delta => the Ayyubid ruler offered Jerusalem in return for the evacuation of Egypt, but the papal legate refused
    > 1221: crusaders relinquished Damietta

    > 1225: Frederick II Hohenstaufen married Isabella of Jerusalem => megotiated a peace with the Ayyubids and obtained Jerusalem without a fight => involved in a conflict with the pope (who proclaimed a crusade against him) he sent only troops and representatives to the Near East

1244: Louis IX took the cross => new crusade against Egypt
    > 1249: French armies re-conquered Damietta => Louis' brother => defeated a Muslim army outside Mansourah, but was killed during the attack on the city
    > an Ayyubid counteroffensive captured Louis IX => the French gave back Damietta and paid a huge ransom to free their king
    > Louis IX attempted to build an alliance with the newly arrived Mongols
    > returning home he organized another expedition in North Africa => 1270: died under the walls of Tunis

September 3, 1260: Ain-Jalut => an army mustered by Qutuz, a Mamluk officer, crushed the Mongols => the Mamluks established a new sultanate in Egypt and Syria
    > under Baybars (1260-1277), the Mamluks conquered all remaining crusading states in the wake of the jihad

1291: Mamluk armies conquered Acre => Christians evacuated the Holy Land (but not Cyprus) => all crusading towns and ports were systematically destroyed and looted