Fair Use Notice

This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of environmental, political, social, economic, scientific, and academic (etc.) issues. This constitutes "fair use" of such material as provided for in Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17, U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research or educational purposes. As a matter of policy, the author and copyright owner is cited when available.

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According to the US Copyright office, § 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use 38

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phono-records or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:

1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
2. The nature of the copyrighted work;
3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.